Thursday, August 2, 2018

Activity 10 Reflections TamlynG

Activity 10 Reflections about Activity 2


Consider Potential Applications
Tom Dixon works in so many different areas that are foreign to me. I love his early work with the welding. I have done a little jewelry making, so his ideas of using ‘bit n pieces’ appeals to me. ‘Steampunk” comes to mind but in a small version aimed at jewelry.
His ‘balance’ when designing chairs could be used to push the perimeters of my design and artwork, along with of course- colour to which he is reserved but accurate, using the trends for colour but really pushing boundaries. Like the colour of chairs/walls and lampshades in a room. Full on colour!
I love his thought and theory on longevity and how he wants to make items that are anti-fashion, not classics. This is why he maybe was always ahead of the trend, as he sets the trend.
I’d like to take some of his philosophy and believe in what l like and create, without worrying about the fashion and trending.

Reflect on the Research Process
When l first decided on my research focus, I thought-gee l hope l can find enough items and pics! Well yes, l can’t believe how many items and families Tom has created and is still creating. Toms work is all very up market in a simple way. It is marketed to a very large up market group but there is also something for the lower market as well.
The main challenge with my research was not being able to find enough info on items. I need time to read a book he has written called ‘Dixonary’. I would also like to visit his studio in Britain and maybe do some clay work.

Reflect on History, Culture and Art
I think Tom has many connections to art and history as shown through the making of lights fashioned around the Indian water vessel for example. To which l will use more of the ancient art and design in my work as the simple lines and shapes l find amazing!
Toms scheme to help and develop skills in street metal workers in Rajashan is inspirational and l would like to help somewhere at some stage in the future-maybe with my art! His new company to which he is a partner is an experimental company that now takes work in decorating but also inventing new product, from all over the world.

Activity 9_2 TamlynG

Tom Dixon
Pic 1
'S Chair'



The ‘S’ chair is such an organic shape with a modern movement to it. It makes you think, 'am l going to stay on this one?' Your eye actually follows the curve in the chair. The young untrained designer Tom Dixon with his welded salvage furniture- created his first piece in the 1980’s, setting up ‘Space’ for himself and other young designers. His inspiration for the chair was a ’rooster’, or the shape and curve of the bird. By the late 1980’s Tom was working for Capellini to whom he designed the ‘S’ Chair.

Some chairs were covered with a patterned material and others were covered in a bulrush thick fiber of native Britain, a twine over a welded steel frame. Brightly coloured or covered in natural fibers, the chairs are still a statement to this day, and early work are in many museums.
The use of metal lends to Toms old days welding and producing furniture from scrap metal. The work with recycled materials influenced a generation of designers.

In his early career he did not use drawings but instead built the chair altering and changing it in his
studio. The name of the chair is a reference to the ‘S’ shape. About 60 original chairs were built in the studio, production and manufacturing then taken over by Capellini with a few different variants made.  Height 102cm, Width: 52cm and Depth 61cm. The thickly textured rush work and leather, distinguishes the early chairs from commercially produced Capellini versions.

Tom was in the center of the ‘heavy metal’ boom in the mid-80’s in Britain, Tom was instrumental in his role along with Nick Jones and Mark Brazier-Jones as part of the group ‘Creative Salvage’.





References: 

http://www.m.vam.ac.uk           (Accessed 2/8/2018)









Pic 2
'Jack' and Jack Family Lighting



A very modern light that looks like a heap of caterpillar eggs joined together. You want to touch and study these lights that were Tom Dixons first experiments with plastic. Some could see the mathematics and geometry angle but l see modern fun!

“There is a purity about shapes known as plutonic solids, and when you learn to recognize them they start to appear in everything-nature, crystals, seed pods, black magic!!??, Islamic Architecture” said Tom.

The scale and shape of ‘Jack’ vary as with their use, from table stands to large featured lights to bronze and black objects known as ‘the family.’ Made by air rotational molding using polythene pellets and rotating at a high temperature, giving the wall its thickness.

Jack fits into any modern space and is referred to by Tom as ‘sitting, stacking, lighting thing’. ‘Jack’ made Tom a household name in the 90’s and he went onto design for his own company ‘Euro lounge’. In ’93 he participated in the greatest British furniture design of the 20th century in Bremerhaven, Germany and went onto becoming the head of design for the company Habitat and taking on the responsibility of rejuvenating the company. This was a far call from the young man who started welding and is a self-taught designer.

One becomes attached to these art pieces and being able to use them around the house, gives purpose and connection.


References:

http://www.tomdixon.net/family/post/jack?_store=row        (Accessed 2/8/2018)







Pic 3
'Dome Mirror'


The dome mirror which is typical Dixon has no frame. The shape protrudes from the wall and comes in different sizes. On a wall it would demand space and has an innovative finish. The mirror is a statement piece that’s stands on ‘its own’. Looking at the mirror you get a sense of ‘Space’, like spaceship and ultramodern.

Made from chromed glass a small mirror with a width of 40 cm would sell for around 2,630.00 pounds. I also found a Tom Dixon Convex mirror as shown below, but once again no details.
I was finding it difficult to get any information on the mirror, few pictures but no stories. As l have been searching, I can’t help wondering if the security mirrors or ‘eyes’ and the ‘intersection or traffic’ mirrors were inspired by Tom Dixon, although l can’t find any evidence of this.

On designs and homes Tom was asked what his home was like by ‘The Guardian’ and he replied, “I have an old water tower, but l am not allowed to live there, the women in my life keep me in a Georgian house.” (Wife and two daughters). “They see the tower as a male fantasy, which it kind of is.”

Looking at the era Tom is from and the modern work he produces, I get the feeling Tom still loves his welding and creating. He has a pottery workspace in his home and takes workshops, although l don’t see how he would have time for this. Loving being hands on with his creating, his work sells in 65 countries and has recently added a textile and accessories range.


References:


'Convex Mirror'









Pic 4
'Sandwich Bar @ Harrods'




This new café takes inspiration from classic London. To look at this design from Tom, he has used hues of deep green, dark blue and burgundy. Looking at these colorings, I feel the basic colours given is incorrect and a little drab, as the colours are certainly not. I’d say a dark ‘teal’ instead of dark green and a ‘pink purple’ on the chairs instead of burgundy. Looking at the walls where the blue is, I’d say more ‘indigo’ on the bricks as they are quite dark.  Adding accessories of copper and plain wood chairs. Gold and brass pendant lights.

At a glance it is clean lines and a touch of Scandi with the wooden unpainted chairs. Very inviting and the greenery brings the building to life. Tabletops are marble and round adding another texture.
Being re fashioned this new sandwich bar compliments the world renowned department store which has Tom’s accessories for sale nearby.



References:
 (Accessed 2/8/2018)







Pic 5
'Copper Sphere Lighting Pendant'



What you see is a sophisticated copper shade that looks like you want to hold it. Coming in different sizes the trend is to ‘cluster’ for an effect. They can be hung long or short in any home being modern or vintage.

Made by using vacuum metallization technology, the copper coating is vaporized then applied to the orb through suction via an electronic charge. The end result is this seamless surface in a perfect sphere. Vacuum metallization was commonly used in producing sunglasses and space helmet visors.

These spheres provide abundant and unusual luminosity which has been perfected by working with some forerunners of German engineering to create reflectivity and transparency. The copper ‘family’
Comprises of four different shaped pendants in different sizes. 




References:







Pic 6
'Pylon Chair'



The Pylon Chair and the Pylon Family which includes a base to a glass table top and coat stand, made from the light weight 3 mm diameter steel rod which is triangulated for maximum strength. On looking at this chair you wonder how it could be strong enough. Pylon was made in Dixon's studio in the early nineties with the intention of making the world’s lightest chair.

The original inspirations which ranged from early computer programming and architectural models of bridges are a stepping stone in self-taught structural engineering. Chairs sell for 4,000 pounds upwards. Pylon is classed as a semi-transparent and lightweight occasional piece and a celebration of the triangles simple symmetrical shape.

It is a signature piece for Dixon, seen all over the world the ‘Pylon Chairs’ fits comfortably in rooms and creates space with its structure.


References:




Pic 7
'Beat Lights'




Capturing the essence of Tom’s metal work in these beautiful shaped lights made of salvaged and soldered metal. Shown as his first solo collection at Ron Arad’s showroom, a one off- in Covent Garden.

Dixon described these pieces as “bits and pieces of whatever was around’. All made of cast off metal making a functional item and reflecting golden light. Fashioned around the Indian water vessel these items are still crafted by hand using traditional techniques.

In 2004 Tom was involved in a project to create alternative possibilities in the rapidly declining industry of craftsmen. The ‘Beat’ light was instigated during a NGO development project undertaken by the British City Council in 2002. This scheme helped maintain and develop the skills of street metal workers of Rajashan. Each ‘Beat’ light is made by hand spun brass, finally skimmed on a lathe, in North India.

Today the ‘Beat’ lights are seen in Australia as part of a modern setting in many homes. If you look at a light you should be able to see the ‘Beat’ marks, knowing this background on a ‘Beat’ light, I now know why they are priced as they are.



References:

https://www.tomdixon.net/family/post/beat     (Accessed 3/8/2018)





Pic 8
'Super Collection'





The ‘Super Collection’ texture, was launched in 2017 and included three sets of cushions. It is lovely to see the texture and art play in these designs. Josephine Ortega, a young British textile designer was commissioned to design two of the three cushions on the couch called-Paint and Abstract.

Looking at these urban inspired cushions you have the electric blue of the couch, setting off the pinks and industrial style of artwork - with a touch of red to collect your eye. Abstract work on the cushions is done with watercolour and mixed media, painted into and over gives a blocked effect and incorporates line and layers. In some areas I find the colours have gone ‘muddy’ but l think this ‘grunge’ affect adds to the style. Inspired by Britain’s urban landscape ‘Paint and Abstract’ these cushions are digitally printed and sewn in Britain. Fabric is a natural linen lightweight, viscose texture.

The third cushion set is ‘Geo’, resembling layered rock and sediment, with embroidery by hand and machine. This range is inspired by nature-natural linen and comes as a picture, cushion or throw rug.

Dixon adds to the ‘Super Collection’ with cushions from craftsmen in North India, this cushion below is part of the ‘Abstract’ collection and is thick and wooly. From Josephine Ortega this cushion is inspired by a city landscape and painted with watercolour in a grid pattern. Also added to the collection is the ‘Soft’ range of cushions made with Danish woven fabric and Danish duck feathers. The collection is added to regularly.



References:
(Accessed 3/8/2018)







Pic 9

'The British Gentleman's Club'




Reinventing the British Gentleman’s club for Milan Fashion Week in 2014, one is amazed at how this modern contemporary artwork of Dixon’s can fit into this ornate space. It works!

Called the PIVOT collection of chairs that look like they are from a science fiction movie, these chairs are made of beautiful and wearable fabric and add a geometric aspect to the room. The copper on the table balances the two copper wall pieces hanging on the wall and the chairs blend with your eye moving around the picture easily, giving you a chance to take it all in. The cactus is placed perfectly, even though my eye hits the copper wall pieces on the back wall first, this is still a clever picture.

Called the Club Collection, (below) Dixon made his official debut in Milan in 2014 with the new addition to his popular Beat Lighting Series, which was inspired by the simplicity of the Indian water vessel.
The shape of the Beat lights in this collection are stout, fat, wide and tall with the new addition of the grey brass finish. Clad in gold brass finish the lights take center stage.




References:






Pic 2
'Pink Agave Mexican Restaurant'





Designing for the cruise line Virgin, Tom brings the colours of Milan to the Pink Agave Mexican Restaurant, which will be ready in 2020 and based in Miami. This futuristic private dining room will boast Tom’s lighting and furniture. Owned by the founder of Virgin Richard Branson, this ship will be one of three ships to be adults only.

The electric blue metallic lighting fixtures are big and bold. Pendant lighting will adorn the entryway to the restaurant, with porthole designs throughout the room adding a nautical feel and a peaceful and happy vibe with the pink combo.

Other designers to add their vision to the ship are Roman and Williams in New York, Concrete Amsterdam, Soft room in London and WorkAC in New York. Each of the designers will bring ideas and add diversity throughout the ship. The principle of the Modern Romance of Sailing as the guiding star to a cohesive vision.


References:

Activity 8_2 TamlynG


Milan Design Week 



Dulux Colour of the Year 2017



I started my mood board with Dulux when we were talking about trends in class. I was drawn to the Milan Design Week. Designers travel to this event in order to set the trends for the next year and Dulux play a major role in colour trends.

Colour trends are Balance, Kinship, Essence, Escapade and Reflection. Predominant at the 2018 Milan Design week were the use of diagonal lines, grid patterns and stripes with lots of curves, circles and ovals in furniture, accessories and architecture.

My focus question is this ‘How does the Milan Design Week, really influence Australia’?
In 2018 there was over 2000 exhibitors at the week and 100,000 visitors, with the event only being open to the public for the one weekend.

According to Vogue Living Editor Neale Whitaker, “Pretty much every major trend of recent years-from marble and granite through to rattan, coloured glass and chandeliers can be traced to the Milan Design Week. It is crucial for the colours, styles and materials that influence our living rooms down the track”.

The week includes designers from all over the world and also includes re-cycled plastics, retro, vegan friendly materials and ready to buy furniture, well-being through technology and Design and Theater. The Milan Fashion Week started in 1958 and is part of four major fashion events in the world. You also have Paris, London and New York Fashion Weeks.

We had 26 Australian designers- 2018 @ Local Milan, in a building that was abandoned then restored in 2015 to create a wonderful exhibition space.
Some of the biggest names in design were present in 2018 and can be traced back as regular exhibitors in previous years. Names we all know like Swarovski, Giorgio Armani, Dulce and Gabbana, Marni and a British industrial designer Tom Dixon. Australian Brodie Neill held a solo exhibition during the Milan Design Week, Brera, capturing the essence of ‘Made in Ratio’ and forecasting in natural materials and organic forms.

So the question, ‘How does the Milan Design Week, really influence Australia’? Simple, as it affects us in nearly everything that is design based and readable - at some stage. It’s not hard to find plenty of influence in magazines like Marie Clair, Vogue, Harper’s Bazar and Elle magazines and even a pair of shorts on Google valued at $1,255.00 by Gucci, first seen at the Milan Design Week.

Preconceptions-I assumed that Australia wouldn’t really be influenced by the Milan Design Week! I was wrong! Assumption of the Milan Design Week was, it would be good to visit, but after research-It would be amazing!



References:



(Accessed 1/8/18)

Wednesday, July 11, 2018

Activity 7

Activity 7  1 & 2

'preconception' noun
Your preconceptions about something are beliefs formed about it- before
you have enough information or experience. 
assumption, predisposition, prejudice, bias, delusion, illusion, inclination,
notion, prejudgment, prepossession, presumption, presupposition.

‘assumption’ noun
A thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.
"they made certain assumptions about the market"supposition,
presupposition, presumption,

premise, belief, expectation, conjecture, speculation, surmise, guess,
theory, hypothesis, postulation, conclusion, deduction, inference, thought,
suspicion, notion and  impression, fancy;

book-Carole Gray and Julian Malins Visualizing Research- A Guide to the research
process in art and design- not much help!

Preconceptions of the research process-Really!  I thought it would be boring! But l am actually enjoying it!  I seem to drift for days and have to come back to-What was the Question?
Finding out about all the different research disciplines, the time and energy that goes into researching!  Assumption and Preconception are not as good as a Fact!
Research is so important in the arts for : re-sale values, copyright, restoration and the list goes on.
I do enjoy researching especially in the old arts and painters. I am quite interested in the restoration side and a lot of research needs to go into an artwork before you can start restoring it. You need to know an era in which it was painted and especially what it was painted with to be able to start restoration. I think l would be good at the restoration side as l find it relaxing, interesting and l have patience and good colour matching skills.

I thought this chart was interesting with lots of new words and sites.


Tuesday, July 10, 2018

‘Fin de Siecle’ 1870-1914 Activity 6_5



The End of an Era - ‘Fin de Siecle’ 1870-1914




Culture of Decadence but the shape of Fear’. Fin de Siecle (the beautiful era) Saw the end of a war in France, Franco Prussian 1871 and the start of World War 1 in 1914.

This era in between wars was a time of luxury and discovery but also a dark side to humanity, not seen by the tourist-caused by war.
A time of cars driving 45 miles per hour, women smoking and wearing pants with ankles showing and a time of optimism, technology, innovation and scientific discovery. 1909 was the first flight and along with changes came liberty, equality and unions along with the dark side of our culture.
People marching and protesting in the streets and a modern art movement that explains the changes of the times past and those to come.

Before World War 1 you had symbolism which started in the late 19th century, Les Nabis and Expressionism. Then came the Modern Art Movements.



Picture 1 Motion Art
  Who invented motion pictures? No One. No One Person-That is!
No individual can claim the title as their own however their are co-inventors of a medium waiting for 2000 years to be discovered. 3000 BC man was attempting to mimic motion through his art on the walls of caves.  

·         1890 The first moving pictures were developed on celluloid film by William Friese Greene, a British inventor, in Hyde Park, London in 1889. The process was patented in 1890.
·         William K. L. Dickson completes his work for Thomas Edison on the Kinetograph cylinder either in this year or 1889. Monkeyshines No. 1 becomes the first film shot on the system.

Films

·         London's Trafalgar Square,[1] directed by William Carr Croft and Wordsworth Donisthorpe.
·         Monkeyshines, No. 1 – contradictory sources indicate this was shot either in June 1889 or November 1890, Monkeyshines, No. 2 and Monkeyshines, No. 3, directed by William K. L. Dickson.
·         Mosquinha, directed by Étienne-Jules Marey.

·         Traffic in King's Road, Chelsea, directed by William Friese-Greene.
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_in_film

In the bond between the art of film making and perhaps visual culture as a whole, film has always served a greater purpose -to move the overarching story forward. Whether you are a motion graphic designer, a digital artist or a connoisseur of design,"The Film Industry' is a source for artists in the era and today-film production companies, film studios, cinematography, animation, film production,screen writing, pre production, post production, actors, film directors and crew. Thus affecting Art and Design with all these creative jobs in this Industry in the 1880's to the current day.




Picture 2 Architecture

No automatic alt text available.

The staircase at Mietshaus Linke Wienzeile 38, designed by Otto Wagner in Vienna, Austria, 1898–99
Born: July 12, 1841 and Died: 11th April 1918
Otto Koloman Wagner, an Austrian Architect with a lasting impact on the appearance of his home town Vienna.
Modernism refers to a set of ideas that emerged in the 20th Century, that broke from traditions of previous centuries. Modernist ideas focus on the use of new technology and philosophy, especially those ideas that were not available in previous centuries.
Otto Wagner was one of the most important early architects, he literally helped build the modern world. Wagner lived in Vienna during the second half of the 19th century, a time when architecture was going through an interesting trend. The style of this era was Revivalism, in which historical styles were emulated in new buildings.
A period of Neo-Classicism, a Neo- Gothic trend and revivals of various colonial styles. In this era architecture was highly defined by its stylistic appearance. It was ornate, detailed and decorative. 
In the later 19th century Otto spoke against the revivalist movement of the day. He claimed the styles were focused on the form of the building, rather than their function. He compiled his ideas into a book called Modern Architecture. In his book he proposed new ideas based on emerging materials and technology. At the end of the century. He said "The world was changing and that it needed new styles of architecture to represent the intertectual and practical needs of modern people". Wagner's plan helped cement the use of modernist ideas in urban planning. 
Some of the materials used were white marble, bronze beading and iron. The introduction of colour and texture on exterior surfaces were taken from the natural world.




Picture 3 Design
https://cdn.wallpaper.com/main/styles/responsive_1460w_scale/s3/xl_tahara_fin_de_siecle_p635.jpg

Staircase detail and Reception area at the Villino Broggi Caraceno.


Staircase detail and Reception area at the Villino Broggi Caraceno. Designed by Giovanni Michelazzi 

in Florence, Italy 1910-11. Galileo Chini completed the pictorial and ceramic decorations, including the green majolica garlands that are considered highly unusual and unique. He fresco-ed part of the walls and entrance way ceilings. The stylized staircase in the form of a dragon have inspired generations  of decorators and creative designers.
Florence 1897-1920 Libberty Style or Art Nouveau. 
Many examples of this style are in private houses, stores and public buildings located in Florence, Montecatini, Teme, Lucca and Viareggio. The Libberty style of building was the perfect union between the Austrian secession style and the local art and craft. Giovanni was the only architect/designer to follow this path and was often contested. Villino Broggi was the first completed experiment of liberty art by Mechelazzi.  The internal facade was developed around a helical staircase covered with a glazed dome.
Art Nouveau was a brief 'Style' -The Look began to seam tired and lines and motifs were absorbed into the consumer capitalist machine, copied and mass produced into huge numbers of inferior versions and in such numbers that the market was flooded. The rich who set the pace were looking for new thrills- hence the short lived  but beautiful era.




Picture 4 Visual Art

https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?enc=0&n=78493109&p2=%5EAW6%5Expt006%5ETTAB02%5Eau&pg=AJimage&pn=1&ptb=E0751173-E14F-4B5D-9C90-7608B442FE52&qs=&searchfor=georges+seurat+paintings&si=843753&ss=sub&st=sb&tpr=sbt


A Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte (1884-1886)


Artist: Georges Seurat
https://www.theartstory.org/movement-neo-impressionism.htm

In the latter part of the 19th century, Neo-Impressionism foregrounded the science of optics and color to forge a new and methodical technique of painting that eschewed the spontaneity and romanticism that many Impressionists celebrated. Relying on the viewer's capacity to optically blend the dots of color on the canvas, the Neo-Impressionists strove to create more luminous paintings that depicted modern life. With urban centers growing and technology advancing, the artists sought to capture people's changing relationship with the city and countryside. Many artists in the following years adopted the Neo-Impressionist technique of Pointillism, the application of tiny dots of pigment, which opened the door to further explorations of color and eventually abstract art.

Using a grid system and applying small dots of paint, Seurat took two years to complete this large-scale painting. He went to the park often, observing and making over 60 preliminary studies, including 15 in oil.

Most of the Neo-Impressionists held anarchist beliefs. Their depictions of the working class and peasants called attention to the social struggles taking place as the rise of industrial capitalism gained speed, and their search for harmony in art paralleled their vision of a utopian society. 

In order to more fully capture the luminosity seen in nature, the Neo-Impressionists turned to science in finding their painting technique of juxtaposing various colors and tones to create a shimmering, illuminated surface. By systematically placing contrasting colors, as well as black, white, and grey, next to each other on the canvas, the painters hoped to heighten the visual sensation of the image.The freedom they sought in scientific study furthered their abilities to overthrow bourgeois norms and conventions that hampered their individual autonomy.





Picture 5 Craft-Necklace


Murrle Bennet necklace ca. 1900


Jewelry was one of the purest and most successful expressions of the Art Nouveau movement. Fresh designs and motifs created intense excitement as organic forms surged with new life, and the female form struggled towards freedom, suggesting a long-hidden eroticism. The artists and goldsmiths who created this jewelry were trained in the nineteenth-century disciplines; their technical mastery allowed them to experiment with new materials and enameling processes to indulge their fantasies. This combination - an atmosphere of ideas for a new art and the unrivaled technical skill of the makers - produced some of the most evocative jewelry of modern times.

Being one of the most successful expressions of the Art Nouveau movement, a reaction to women and a number of things going on in the French society where women were going out to work and fighting for their rights. The jewelry sexualized nature and form, with its butterfly's and bugs.

Murrle Bennett & Co was established in London by Ernst Murrle and J.B Bennett and specialized in high quality affordable silver and gold jewelry. The firm produced jewelry predominantly in the Art Nouveau style. Their designs were often characterized by abstract motifs typical of Art Nouveau and the Arts & Crafts movements. Often comprised of Celtic inspired interlacing elements, stylized foliate forms, pierced geometric shapes, luminous enamels and precious or semi-precious stones. After World War I, the company was renamed White Redgrove & White. Murrle Bennett & Co jewelry is now highly sought-after and widely collected.









Picture 6 Photography

adolph-de-meyeradolph_de_meyer12.jpg


Pioneering Photographer Adolf De Meyer 


Said to have 'Pathed the Way' for  the likes of Helmut Newton, Adolph De Meyer's life read like a gossip column. Baron Adolph De Meyer was born in Paris, German-Jewish and a Scottish photographer who grew to fame  in the early 20th century. Meyer was an international jet setter and influential artist- who captured reality but distilled it into fanciful imagination.
As part of his persona as a artist, De Meyer wearing blue hair, mixed with the fashion circles of the era. Mixing with the Edwardian elite and dedicating himself to the pictorial-ism, a prominent movement in photography from the 1890's to the first world war, where photographers tried to bring their photography to the level of fine art.
At the beginning of World War 1,  De Meyer fled Europe for the United States and applied his pictorial style to fashion photography. He was the first fashion photographer for American Vogue in 1913. it was the first time photos were on the their pages.  De Meyer was one of the first to merge artistry with commerce via photography. His interests were the effects of light, exoticism and a strong sense of pose which were explored throughout his career. He later worked for Harper's Bazaar and Vanity Fair.  

D.1946

  







MODERN ART MOVEMENTS 'Fin de Siecle'

by Roger-Miles, L. (Leon), 1859-1928;



Impressionist Movement (fl.1870s-1880s)

Christened by the French art critic Louis Leroy after the title of Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1873), Impressionism was a spontaneous plein-air manner of landscape paintingwhose goal was the exact representation of light. The style was exemplified by the plein air painting of Monet, Sisley, Renoir and Camille Pissarro, although other painters were also part of the Impressionist group, including Edgar Degas, Paul Cezanne, Frederic Bazille, Gustave Caillebotte, as well as Mary Cassatt, one of the leading figures of the American Impressionism movement (c.1880-1900). Introduced to Britain by Whistler, it was taken up by his pupils Sickert and Steer and promoted by the New English Art Club. After giving birth to some of the greatest modern paintings of the 19th century, Impressionism was succeeded by Seurat's Neo-Impressionism and Cezanne's Post-Impressionism.

Neo-Impressionism (1880s)

The term given by the French art critic Felix Feneon (1861-1944) to work by Georges Seurat, Paul Signac and their followers like Camille and Lucien Pissarro. The style was based on the optical painting technique called Pointillism (an offshoot of Divisionism). Instead of mixing colours before applying them to the canvas, primary-colours were placed directly onto the picture - arranged in groups of tiny dabs or dots - to allow the viewer's eye to do the "mixing". The style was a later influence on Fauvism. For more details, please see:Neo-Impressionism. For developments in Italy, under Vittore Grubicy, please see: Italian Divisionism (1890-1907).

Newlyn School (fl.1884-1914)

Led by Stanhope Forbes, Frank Bramley and Norman Garstin the Newlyn School was inspired by the naturalist plein-air painting tradition of the French Barbizon School and aimed to reproduce the realities of country life.

Art Nouveau (1890-1914)

Derived from a Parisian shop called "La Maison de l'Art Nouveau", owned by the avant-garde art-collector Siegfried Bing (1838-1905), the Art Nouveau style originated in the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain (notably the designs of William Morris) - being also influenced by Celtic and Japanese designs - and was popularized by the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris before spreading across Europe and the United States. A highly decorative style of design art (called Jugendstil in Germany, Sezessionstil in Austria, Stile Liberty in Italy, Modernista in Spain), Art Nouveau was characterized by intricate flowing patterns of sinuous asymetrical lines, based on plant-forms. Leaf and tendril motifs are popular Art Nouveau designs, as are female silhouettes and forms. The style appeared in interior design, metalwork, glassware, jewellery, poster-design and illustration, as well as painting, sculpture and poster art. It was exemplified by the paintings and illustrations of Gustav Klimt, first President of the Vienna Secession, as well as poster designs by Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939), Arthur Rackham and Aubrey Beardsley, and serpentine architectural motifs by Victor Horta of the Les Vingt artists group in Brussels. It also had a strong influence on the Munich Secession (1892) and Berlin Secession (1898) in Germany. It was succeeded by Art Deco.

Symbolist Art (Late 19th Century)

Mythology-inspired and characterized by a mystical and magnified sensitivity with occasional erotic content, Symbolism was a refinement of the Romantic tradition. Pioneers included Caspar David Friedrich and Henry Fuseli, while modern exponents included Gustave Moreau, the mural painter Puvis de Chavannes, and Odilon Redon. Influenced the Art Nouveau movement and Les Nabis, as well as the Expressionists Edvard Munch and Franz von Stuck.

Post-Impressionism (1880s, 1890s)

Post-Impressionism is an umbrella term incorporating numerous groups and styles of Post-Impressionist painting, as exemplified by the work of painters like Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Henri Rousseau. Cezanne adopted a rigorous classical approach to plein-air painting; Gauguin used rich colours but preferred indoor studio painting; Van Gogh painted outdoors but more to express his inner emotions than capture nature; while Toulouse-Lautrec specialized in indoor genre scenes.

Following in the footsteps of Synthetism (developed by Gauguin) and Cloisonnism(invented by Emile Bernard and Louis Anquetin) came the fin de siecle art group called Les Nabis, composed of young painters drawn to the decorative and spiritual content of painting. The leader, Paul Serusier (1864-1927) and the group's leading theorist Mauris Denis (1870-1943) were joined by Pierre Bonnard (1867–1947), Paul Ranson (1862-1909), Ker-Xavier Roussel (1867-1944), Henri Ibels (1867-1936) and Edouard Vuillard (1868-1940). Out of the Nabis came another style of post-Impressionist painting, known as Intimism, exemplified in the tranquil domestic genre scenes of Edouard Vuillard, his close friend Pierre Bonnard, and Gwen John. Taken up by Nordic painters, like Hammershoi and PS Kroyer. In Britain, Post-Impressionism was practised by the Camden Town Group, founded in 1911 by Walter Richard Sickert, who became known for his nudes and interiors.

Les Fauves (1905-1908)

Influenced by Paul Gauguin, Fauvism was an important movement in the history of expressionist painting, which advocated brilliant colours and wild brushwork - hence their nickname Les Fauves (wild beasts), given them by the critic Louis Vauxcelles after their first showing at the Salon d'Automne in Paris in 1905. Fauvist painters included Henri Matisse, Andre Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck Albert Marquet and Georges Braque. In Britain, Fauvism was practised by a group of artists from Scotland known as the Scottish Colourists. They included JD Fergusson, Samuel John Peploe, Francis Cadell and Leslie Hunter. For more, see Fauvism.

Expressionist Movement (1905 onwards)

Personnified by Vincent Van Gogh - whose hectic brushwork and intense colours reflected his inner state rather than the scenes he painted - Expressionism is a style whose aim is to portray an interpretation of a scene rather than simply replicate its true-life features. One of the first examples of the style is German Expressionism, which was developed in and around Munich by Der Blaue Reiter [The Blue Rider], and in Dresden by Die Brucke [The Bridge]. After this the movement spread worldwide, giving birth to variants - including Abstract Expressionism - in America during the 1940s and 1950s. Influenced by Romanticism, Symbolism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism, the expressionist movement encompassed all genres, including landscape, portraiture, genre painting and still life. Famous Expressionist painters included Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Edvard Munch, Modigliani, Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Otto Dix, as well as Pablo Picasso, and Francis Bacon. For specific works, please see: Expressionist Paintings (1880-1950).

The Bridge (Die Brucke) (1905-13)

The Bridge was a German Expressionist group based in Dresden in 1905. Combined elements of traditional German art with African, Post-Impressionist and Fauvist styles. Its leading members were Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, and Emil Nolde. Short-lived but influential.

Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter) (1911-14)

Based in Munich, the members of Blue Rider included Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Alexei von Jawlensky, August Macke, Gabriele Munter and Paul Klee. A loose association rather than a tight group, it was named after a Kandinsky painting used on the cover of their 1912 Almanac or Manifesto. Cut short by the First World War during which both Macke and Marc were killed.

Ashcan School, New York (active 1900-15)

The so-called Ashcan School consisted of a progressive group of early twentieth-century American painters and illustrators (sometimes called the New York Realists) who portrayed the urban reality of New York City life, in a gritty spontaneous unpolished style. The Ashcan movement included Arthur B. Davies, William Glackens, Robert Henri, George Luks, Everett Shinn and John Sloan. Others whose work is considered to reflect the Ashcan school include: George Wesley Bellows, Guy Pène Du Bois, the celebrated Edward Hopper, and Alfred Maurer.

Cubist Art (Europe, 1908-1914)

Cubism was invented and formulated between about 1908 and 1912 in a partnership between Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, who were strongly influenced by the grid-like landscapes of Paul Cezanne and (in Picasso's case by African imagery: witness his stunning Les Demoiselles D'Avignon). In part a reaction against the pretty pictures of Impressionism, a style which held no intellectual interest for Picasso, Cubism refocused attention on the essential 2-D nature of the flat canvas, overturning conventional systems of perspective and ways of perceiving form, in the process. The movement developed in three stages: Proto-Cubism (Picasso's & Braque's early phase, containing the only 'cubes' to be seen); Analytical Cubism, an austere style which disassembled 3-D views into a series of overlapping planes; finally, Synthetic Cubism, a lighter more colourful style which 'built-up' images sometimes using various 'found' materials. Picasso's late Cubism - a more representational idiom than his earlier Cubist styles - is exemplified in works like Weeping Woman (1937, Tate Collection), and Guernica (1937, Reina Sofia, Madrid). Other important Cubist artists included Juan Gris and Fernand Leger. Although relatively short-lived, the movement revolutionized painting in the 20th century, and instigated a new tradition of abstract art. Cubism benefited from significant promotional support by its spokesman, the German-born art dealer Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1884-1979). For an important Cubist splinter group, see: Section d'Or, an offshoot of the Parisian Puteaux group.